雅思阅读的定语从句

雅思阅读的定语从句。定语从句，贯穿在雅思考试听说读写当中，是基础和拔高考生提分必备的语法现象。下面是小编整理关于雅思阅读的定语从句的文章，希望能帮到你!

雅思阅读长难句精讲解析：定语从句

英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。汉语中定语只能前置，而英语中定语既可前置也可后置。两者的不同，不仅表现在结构上，也表现在意义上。英语中的定语从句有时从原因、结果、目的或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。因此，在对语法结构、上下文逻辑关系深刻理解的前提下，为了更明确地表明这种逻辑关系，可以将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。同时值得注意的是，定语从句与中心词之间常有分割成分，而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词，常常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。

因此，遇到这种结构，一定要根据上下文和常识进行判断。翻译定语从句时可采用提前译、顺序译、分译或转译等多种方法。

1. As far as the third factor is concerned,the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation;in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down,as happened in cosmology,for example.

第一层： As far as the third factor is concerned ,状语从句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 谓 many 定 instances 宾 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定语从句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 状 centuries 主 elapsed 谓 before this resistance was eventually broken down,as 状语从句2 happened in cosmology,for example.

第二层： (状语从句1) As far as 引 the third factor 主语 is 系 concerned 表语

(定语从句) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 谓 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 状 sistance to further investigation

(状语从句2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 状 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology，for example 定语从句

第三层： (定语从句) as 引 happened 谓 in cosmology,状 for example. 插入语

要点 本句由两个分句构成，以分号连接。第一个分句的主干为the history of science shows many instances，in which引导的定语从句修饰instances，such ……as ……表结果，后接不定式;在第二个分句中，before 引出时间状语从句：before this resistance was eventually broken down;代词as在此是关系代词，引出定语从句：as happened in cosmology。resistance：抵抗(力);阻力。cosmology：宇宙论，宇宙哲学。

译文 至于第三个因素，科学史中有许多事例表明，权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍;在许多情况下，要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如，在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。

2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

第一层： Behaviorists 主 suggest 谓 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 宾语从句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

第二层： (宾语从句) that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定语从句

for appropriate responses will experience 谓 greater intellectual 定 development. 宾

第三层： (定语从句) who 引 is raised 谓 in an environment 状 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap- 定语从句propriate responses

第四层： (定语从句) where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句

第五层： (定语从句) which 引 develop 谓 his or her 定 capacity 宾 for appropriate 定 responses

要点 根据上下文的逻辑关系可以看出，本句中suggest的词义不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind,所以翻译为…的看法是。who引导的定语从句修饰child，根据上下文的语义关系，翻译成条件句;where引导的定语从句修饰 environment,用合译法译出;which引导的从句修饰stimuli,用分译法进行翻译。appropriate：适合的，相称的。

译文 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大，而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力，那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。

3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.

要点 本句为含有两个定语从句的主从复合句。主句的谓语动词suggest可接动名词作宾语。而宾语中的transform一词常用在transform sth. from …… into……结构中，译为“把…从…转变为…”。句中两个in which分别修饰其先行词industrialism，翻译时宜采用前置法。两个破折号之间的those of love and of reason为potentialities一词的同位语。

译文 我建议把我们的社会制度从以较大限度的生产和较大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能——即爱和理智的潜能——为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。

4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions,who criticized,on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view,regardless of their rank or viewpoint.

要点 本句中who……，who……，on whose……，who……四个定语从句并列，共同修饰中心词people。

译文 肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人，而不问他们的级别和观点。

5. In the soap war between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.

要点 此句结构比较复杂，但主句很简单，主语为use，谓语为is made.主句正常语序为tremendous use of statistics is made to……， to measure……作目的状语，resulting from……为现在分词短语作difference的后置定语。which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰allocation to advertising.so that引导一个结果状语从句。plus为介词，意为“加上”。soap war 为“肥皂广告大战”。

译文 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever两家企业之间的“肥皂大战”中，双方就大量使用了统计学知识来测量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异，这一项在前的生产成本中占较大部分，所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和。

6. Smart cards,which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe,are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.

要点 本句为简单复合句。句架为Smart cards， which ……， are already widely used in European countries where……。which为关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，修饰smart cards;where 为关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰countries.nationwide：全国范围内的。roll out：本意为“展开(卷起之物)”，此处为引申义，指展开工作。

译文 智能卡载有的信息量是普通磁卡信息载量的80多倍，已经在欧洲各国广泛使用，因而使欧洲各国中央银行得以在全国范围展开新型的服务。

7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

要点 本句含有一个主语从句How well the prediction will be validated by later performance和一个定语从句with which it is interpreted.定语从句中it 指代prediction，该定语从句修饰the skill and wisdom.在翻译时主语从句用分译法，定语从句用合译法。validate：使有效;使有充分根据。

译文 预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，还取决于用来解释预测的技巧和智慧。

8. Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves with condemnations,in my delegation's opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which,after all,serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council's agendas.

要点 本句含有三个定语从句where……condemnations，which would come to grips ……和which,after all, serve only to compel……。第二个定语从句译成同位结构;第三个定语从句同上下文有明显的因果关系，译成“因为…”。overall：从头到尾;总的，全面的。

译文 因此，我们代表团认为，要纠正我们过去采取的只是满足于进行谴责的那种立场，我们必须寻求一个全面的解决方法，既能解决本质方面的问题，又能解决应对表面的问题，因为仅解决表面问题毕竟只能迫使我们一次又一次地把这个问题列入安理会的议程。

9. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.

要点 本句中有两个由which引导的定语从句：第一个定语从句的先行词是science，而不是chemistry;第二个定语从句的先行词是chemical change,而不是result或matter.

译文 我们可以说，化学是论述物质化学变化的科学，通过化学变化可能获得新的物质。

10. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge,to receive with wonder anything you can catch!

要点 本句由一个主句(Time goes fast)、两个定语从句(who……和you can catch)和一个状语从句(when……)组成。you can catch前省略了that.按照先发生的事情先叙述以及条件在先结果在后的汉语习惯，翻译时应采用逆序法。

译文 对一个有美感，能以好奇心接收你所能抓到的任何东西的人来说，时间总是过得很快，比如当戏水池里有几个可爱的孩子，池边还有一位如黛安娜似的年轻女子时。

雅思阅读：定语从句的套用　

长难句主要有两点，一是长，二是难。长的句子不一定难，比如 I bought a lot of fruit, such as apple, banana, grape, pineapple…… 如果我把1000种水果的种类罗列在这个句子的末尾，它可以变得很长，却一点都不难。难的句子，主要是通过多个复杂的从句套用、非谓语动词、倒装和语义的复杂化形成的。 定于从句可以修饰名词、短语和句子，对所修饰对象起到限定、描述的作用。单个的定从并不难，但多个定从并用的情况往往会对考生造成一定障碍。

例如，剑桥雅思8的一篇阅读里，有这样一句话：

Genius is a term we apply to those whom we recognize for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the incapable.

这一句话放眼望去十分生猛，可能很多词学生不认识，但从句子复杂化的手段来看，主要就是使用了定语从句。我们不难找到几个whichwho等引导的定语从句，可是如何理解它们的关系呢?多个定从放在一起，主要有两种方式：套用和并列。套用就好比俄罗斯套娃一样，一层一层打开即可。并列主要是靠and链接，难点是要能看出来。

首先, Genius is a term 已经形成了主系表的结构，并且没有连词，所以这是主句。后面 we apply to those放在表语名词后，应该是要修饰a term的定语从句，且省略了关系代词which/that。由随后的whom可以看出，those应该是指代一类人。后面的and之后又有一个who，应该想到还是修饰those，并且与whom这个定从并列。最后在who这个从句中还有一个which引导的定语从句，由之后reaches这个词看出，这个从句应该是修饰一个名词单数，所以是continuum of human abilities或者end of the continuum of human abilities, 而不是human abilities这个复数。这里它究竟是修饰什么，需要结合单词的意思去分析，我们不做重点介绍。从结构来看，我分别用[]、()、<>三种括号，分别表示一级、二级、三级定语从句。那么这个句子的结构如下：

Genius is a term [we apply to those (whom we recognize for their outstanding achievements) and (who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities )].

如此，这个句子的结构一目了然。如果想要了解它的大致意思，我们只需要知道一些最基本的单词即可，很生猛的词可以忽略。主句为：“天才是一个术语”。We apply to those这个从句应该是we apply the term to those。所以接着往下理解： “我们把这个术语应用于一些人”。什么样的人呢?whom we recognize for their outstanding achievements“我们认为有杰出成就的人”还有一些人who stand near the end of the continuum of human abilities，这里有生词，不要紧，暂且理解为“站在人类能力什么位置上的一些人”什么样的能力呢?接着往下来which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to the incapable，这里生词可能比较多，大部分学生只认识incapable这个词，“没有能力的”。那么我们就可以理解为，还有一些人，可能他们的天才能力被质疑了，或者结合前文看，是在其他一些方面的能力比较差。所以，整个句子，我们可以大致理解为：天才是一个术语，我们把这个术语应用于那些杰出成就被认可的人;和一些在某些方面或某种程度上，能力不是很好的人。

定于从句对于留学培训英语学习是至关重要的，考生谨记从结构出发，把握整体大意，切勿丧失在句子细节的世界中。

雅思阅读模拟题中的定语从句

定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定语，其作用是修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。

用作关联词的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，但在此提醒考生们绝对没有“what”。who, whom, whose指人，who是主格，在定语从句中用作主语(在非正式英语中也可以用作宾语，并且用作宾语时可以省去不用);whom是宾格，在定语从句中用作宾语(也可以省去不用);whose是属格，在定语从句中用作定语(有时也可以指物)。如：

1、The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.(主格关系代词who在从句中作主语)

2、The man who he talked about is a professor.(在非正式英语中who代替了whom,也可以省去不用)

3、He doesn't like the girl whom you refer to.(宾格关系代词whom在从句中用作宾语，也可以省去不用)

4、The children whose parents give priority to work may feel lonely and alienated.(属格关系代词whose在定语从句中用作定语，指人)

which在从句中也可以被用作定语和表语。如：

1、His money had been stolen, which news annoyed him.(关系代词which在定语从句中用作定语)

2、They were completely mistrusted, which in fact, they were.(关系代词which在定语从句中用作表语)

关系代词在从句中用作介词宾语时，介词可以位于从句之首，也可以位于从句之末。但以位于从句之首较为正式。如：

1、This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘apprentice' scheme, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill.(关系代词which在定语从句中用作介词in的宾语，介词位于定语从句之首，即which之前)

2、This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘apprentice' scheme, which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill in.(介词in位于定语从句之首，which在此可以省去)

像during, except或者表示分割作用的of等介词通常放在关系代词的前面。如：

1、The years during which he was away were long years to her.

2、He wrote many books, some of which you will read some day.

关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如：

1、The writer you referred to was an unknown writer.(关系代词who用作介词to的宾语，介词to须位于定语从句之末，who在口语中可以省去)

2、This is the problem that he has been complaining about.(关系代词that用作介词about的宾语，介词about须位于定语从句之末)

雅思阅读模拟题中的定语从句

1. These statistics support the contention that, though the cost of higher education is signifi-cant, given the earnings disparity that exists between those who earn a bachelor's degree and those who do not, the individual rate of return on investment in higher education is sufficiently high to warrant the cost. 1. Many wonder whether the high cost of tuition, the opportunity cost of choosing college over full-time employment, and the accumulation of thousands of dollars of debt is, in the long run, worth the investment.

( 剑桥模拟试题Test 1P1)

句子结构分析：that the individual rate of return作contention的同位语从句，though引导让步状语从句，given考虑到，过去分词作状语。第二个that引导定语从句修饰disparity， 两个who引导定语从句修饰those。

译文：这些统计数据支持论点, 虽然高等教育成本很大, 但是考虑到获得学位的和没获得的之间的收益存在差距,高等教育的个人投资高回报率是足以保证超过当初投入的成本。

2. The study, published in the January 2001 issue of the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, found that third- and fourth-grade students who took part in a curriculum to reduce their TV, video, and video game use engaged in fewer acts of verbal and physical aggression than their peers.

(剑桥雅思模拟试题Test 1 P2)

句子结构分析：这句话主干是The study found that ……。Published作后置定语修饰The study，who引导定语从句修饰students。

译文： 该研究发表在2001年1月出版的the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine期刊, 发现三四年级的学生参加了一个课程——减少看电视、视频和视频游戏的学生使用的语言和身体攻击行为比同龄人少。

3. Among the most noteworthy studies is Dr. Leonard D. Eron’s, which found that exposure to television violence in childhood is the strongest predictor of aggressive behavior later in life—stronger even than violent behavior as children. (剑桥雅思模拟试题Test 1 P2)

句子结构分析： Among在……之中，which引导非限制性定语从句修饰studies，that引导宾语从句，破折号表示解释说明。

译文：其中最值得注意的是Dr. Leonard D. Eron的研究, 发现了儿童接触电视暴力是预测长大后攻击行为的重要指标，甚至是比儿童暴力行为更强的预测指标。

4. But because of the fact that orcas are so popular, they may be the best species to use as a focal point in bringing about the many changes that need to be made in order to protect the marine environment as a whole from further toxic poisoning.

(剑桥雅思模拟试题Test 1 P3)

句子结构分析：But表转折，because of原因状语从句，the fact that同位语从句，that作定语从句修饰changes。

译文：但正因为虎鲸是如此受欢迎,它们可能是带来诸多改变的比较好的一个焦点物种。为了保护整个海洋环境进一步受到有毒废物伤害，这些改变必须实施。